Living with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) presents unique challenges — from managing fatigue and muscle weakness to coping with cognitive changes and balance issues. While medications and therapies play a crucial role in the treatment process, an increasing body of research highlights the importance of diet in influencing MS symptoms and disease progression. What you eat can affect inflammation, gut health, energy levels, and even your immune system — all of which are key factors in managing MS.
This article explores the foods that should be avoided in MS to help individuals make informed, health-conscious dietary choices. We’ll examine scientific evidence, debunk myths, and offer practical advice to support overall well-being while empowering patients to take control of their nutrition.
Understanding the MS-Diet Connection
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body, leading to a range of neurological symptoms.
Although there is no cure for MS, lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and stress management can significantly impact the frequency and severity of flare-ups. In particular, certain foods may exacerbate inflammation, compromise gut health, or interfere with medication effectiveness — all of which can worsen symptoms.
The goal of an MS-friendly diet is not to cure the disease but to reduce symptom burden, improve quality of life, and potentially slow progression. By eliminating or minimizing harmful foods and replacing them with nutrient-dense alternatives, individuals with MS can support long-term wellness.
The Role of Inflammation in MS
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of MS. While the immune system is designed to protect the body, in autoimmune conditions like MS, it goes into overdrive. Pro-inflammatory foods can contribute to this dysfunction by increasing inflammatory markers in the blood, which may intensify neuroinflammation.
Studies show that diets high in saturated fats, refined sugars, and processed ingredients are associated with higher levels of inflammation. Conversely, anti-inflammatory diets, rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and fiber, have been linked to improved outcomes in neurodegenerative conditions.
Foods That Should Be Avoided in MS
Knowing which foods to limit or eliminate is a critical step toward better symptom management. Below are categories of foods to avoid, supported by scientific research and clinical recommendations.
1. Processed and Refined Foods
Processed foods — such as packaged snacks, instant meals, and frozen dinners — are often loaded with artificial additives, preservatives, and unhealthy fats. These ingredients may contribute to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are detrimental in MS.
- Sugary cereals and granola bars: Often marketed as healthy, many contain high levels of added sugar and refined grains.
- Fast food and fried items: High in trans fats and sodium, which may worsen fatigue and cardiovascular risk — a concern for MS patients.
- Pre-packaged meals with long ingredient lists: The more processed a food, the more likely it contains hidden sugars, unhealthy oils, and inflammatory agents.
A study published in Neurology found that individuals with MS who consumed a highly processed diet experienced more relapses and faster disease progression compared to those eating whole, unprocessed foods.
Practical Tip:
When grocery shopping, focus on the outer aisles — where fresh produce, lean proteins, and whole grains are typically located — and avoid the center aisles dominated by processed junk.
2. Saturated and Trans Fats
Fats play a crucial role in brain health, but not all fats are created equal. While omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish and flaxseeds) are beneficial, saturated and trans fats found in red meat, fried foods, and baked goods may increase inflammation and impair vascular health.
A landmark study conducted in the 1970s by Dr. Roy Swank showed that MS patients who adhered to a low-saturated-fat diet had slower disease progression and fewer relapses over decades. Although more research is needed, many neurologists continue to recommend reducing saturated fat intake.
Examples of high-saturated-fat foods to avoid:
- Fatty cuts of red meat (e.g., bacon, sausage, ribeye steak)
- Butter, lard, and palm oil
- Full-fat dairy products like whole milk, cream, and certain cheeses
Trans fats, commonly found in partially hydrogenated oils, are especially harmful. They raise bad cholesterol (LDL), lower good cholesterol (HDL), and promote inflammation. Although banned in many countries, they may still lurk in some margarines, baked goods, and shelf-stable snacks.
3. Added Sugars and Refined Carbohydrates
A diet high in added sugar can disrupt the gut microbiome, contribute to insulin resistance, and promote inflammation. For individuals with MS, this is particularly concerning since gut health is increasingly linked to immune function.
The gut-brain axis — the communication network between the digestive tract and the central nervous system — is thought to play a role in autoimmune diseases. Imbalances in gut bacteria may trigger or worsen MS symptoms.
Foods high in added sugars include:
- Soda, energy drinks, and sweetened teas
- Pastries, cookies, and cakes
- Flavored yogurts and breakfast bars
Refined carbohydrates like white bread, white rice, and pasta are quickly broken down into sugar, causing blood glucose spikes and subsequent crashes — a cycle that can worsen fatigue and cognitive fog, common MS complaints.
Alternative Solutions:
Swap refined carbs for whole grains like quinoa, brown rice, farro, or oats. These offer more fiber, nutrients, and a steadier release of energy.
4. High-Sodium Foods
Excessive salt intake may have a direct impact on autoimmune activity. A 2013 study in Nature suggested that a high-salt diet could activate immune cells (Th17 cells) involved in the development of MS and other autoimmune diseases.
While more human trials are needed, many experts believe that limiting sodium is a prudent approach for MS patients.
Foods typically high in sodium:
- Canned soups and vegetables (unless labeled low-sodium)
- Pickled foods and condiments like soy sauce and ketchup
- Processed meats such as deli turkey, pepperoni, and hot dogs
The American Heart Association recommends no more than 2,300 mg of sodium per day, with an ideal limit of 1,500 mg for those with chronic conditions. Always check nutrition labels — sodium content can be surprisingly high in seemingly healthy foods.
5. Alcohol and Caffeinated Beverages
Alcohol and caffeine don’t fall neatly into “all-or-nothing” categories for MS patients; moderate consumption may be acceptable, but excess can be problematic.
Alcohol:
While an occasional glass of wine might not cause harm, alcohol can interact with MS medications, impair coordination, and worsen bladder and bowel issues — which are already common challenges for people with MS. It may also interfere with sleep quality, reducing the body’s ability to recover.
Caffeine:
Caffeine can provide a short-term energy boost and may even have neuroprotective effects. However, too much caffeine may exacerbate anxiety, tremors, or urinary urgency. It can also disrupt sleep patterns, especially if consumed late in the day.
Recommendation: Limit alcohol to occasional, small servings (e.g., one drink, if tolerated), and monitor your response. Similarly, limit caffeine to 200–300 mg per day (about 1–2 cups of coffee) and avoid it in the afternoon.
6. Dairy and Potential Food Sensitivities
Some individuals with MS report feeling better on a dairy-free diet, though scientific evidence remains mixed. One theory focuses on molecular mimicry, suggesting that proteins in cow’s milk (like casein) may resemble myelin components, potentially prompting an immune response.
While not all MS patients are sensitive to dairy, some may benefit from eliminating it to see if symptoms improve. This is especially true for those with known lactose intolerance or gut issues.
The Swank diet, popular among the MS community, mandates the elimination of all dairy except for skim milk and non-fat yogurt. However, modern interpretations often encourage plant-based alternatives like almond, oat, or soy milk (unsweetened).
Watch for Hidden Dairy:
Casein and whey can be hidden in protein powders, canned tuna, sauces, and processed foods. Always read labels.
7. Artificial Sweeteners and Food Additives
Artificial sweeteners like aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin are commonly used in so-called “diet” products. While regulatory agencies deem them safe for most people, there is debate about their long-term impact on neurological health.
Some MS patients avoid artificial sweeteners due to anecdotal reports of worsened symptoms like headaches, fatigue, and mood swings. Though clinical studies have not confirmed this link, it’s worth considering if you experience adverse reactions after consuming these substances.
Other additives to watch for include:
- Monosodium glutamate (MSG): May trigger neurological symptoms in sensitive individuals.
- Artificial colors and preservatives: Found in candies, sodas, and processed snacks.
- Nitrates and nitrites: Used in cured meats and may generate harmful compounds in the body.
Supportive Diets for MS Management
While avoiding harmful foods is essential, adopting a beneficial eating pattern is equally important. Several diets have shown promise in supporting MS patients:
1. The Swank Diet
Developed by Dr. Roy Swank in the 1950s, this low-fat diet limits saturated fat to less than 15 grams per day. It emphasizes:
- Whole grains
- Fresh fruits and vegetables
- Lean fish and plant-based proteins
- Very limited red meat and dairy
Many patients report feeling more energetic and experiencing fewer relapses on this plan. It remains one of the most well-documented dietary approaches for MS.
2. The Wahls Protocol
Dr. Terry Wahls, a physician with secondary-progressive MS, developed this nutrient-dense, paleo-inspired diet. It focuses on:
- 9 cups of vegetables and fruits daily (3 cups each of leafy greens, sulfur-rich veggies, and colorful produce)
- Grass-fed meats and wild-caught fish
- Elimination of gluten, dairy, and processed foods
The Wahls Protocol aims to support mitochondrial function and reduce inflammation through strategic nutrient intake. Clinical trials are ongoing, but anecdotal evidence is strong.
3. Plant-Based and Mediterranean Diets
Both diets emphasize:
- Whole grains
- Fruits, vegetables, and legumes
- Olive oil, nuts, and seeds
- Fatty fish (in the Mediterranean version)
Studies suggest these eating patterns improve gut microbiota diversity, lower inflammation, and support cardiovascular health — all beneficial for people with MS.
Individualized Nutrition: Why One-Size-Does-Not-Fit-All
It’s important to recognize that MS affects everyone differently, and so should dietary strategies. What works for one person may not work for another. Factors such as age, disease type (relapsing-remitting vs. progressive), comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, heart disease), and medication regimen all influence nutritional needs.
A personalized approach is ideal. This may involve:
- Working with a **registered dietitian** familiar with MS
- Keeping a **symptom and food journal** to identify triggers
- Gradual elimination of suspect foods to assess impact
Moreover, nutritional deficiencies are common in MS. For example, low levels of vitamin D, B12, and magnesium are frequently reported and may contribute to fatigue or nerve dysfunction. A diet tailored to address these gaps can make a significant difference.
How to Start Making Healthier Food Choices
Transitioning to a new diet can be overwhelming, but small, sustainable changes are more effective than drastic overhauls.
Step 1: Audit Your Current Diet
Begin by listing the foods you eat regularly. Identify the ones that fall into the “avoid” categories mentioned above. Look for hidden sources of sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fats.
Step 2: Plan Balanced Meals
Aim for plates that are:
- Half filled with non-starchy vegetables
- One-quarter with lean or plant-based protein
- One-quarter with whole grains or starchy veggies
Include healthy fats like avocado, olive oil, chia seeds, or walnuts to support brain health.
Step 3: Prepare and Cook at Home
Cooking your own meals gives you full control over ingredients. Try batch-cooking on weekends, using fresh herbs and spices instead of salt for flavor.
Step 4: Stay Hydrated
Dehydration can worsen MS symptoms like fatigue and constipation. Aim for 6–8 glasses of water daily. Herbal teas and broths are good alternatives, but limit sugary or caffeinated beverages.
Step 5: Monitor and Adjust
Track how you feel after meals. Keep a journal to record energy levels, mood, bowel movements, and any symptom changes. This feedback is invaluable for refining your diet.
Myths About MS and Diet
Despite growing awareness, several misconceptions persist:
- Myth: Gluten causes MS. While some people with MS benefit from a gluten-free diet, especially if they have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, there is no evidence that gluten directly causes MS.
- Myth: A strict vegan diet cures MS. While plant-based diets offer benefits, there is no cure for MS, and extreme diets may lead to nutritional deficiencies without proper planning.
- Myth: Supplements can replace food. While supplements (like vitamin D or omega-3s) may help fill gaps, they should complement — not replace — a balanced diet.
Always consult with your healthcare provider before making major dietary changes or adding supplements.
Conclusion: Empowerment Through Nutrition
While what foods should be avoided in MS is not a one-size-fits-all answer, evidence strongly supports minimizing processed foods, saturated fats, added sugars, excess sodium, and artificial ingredients. These dietary adjustments can help reduce inflammation, stabilize energy, and support neurological function.
Adopting an anti-inflammatory, whole-foods-based diet — such as the Swank, Wahls, or Mediterranean approach — may not halt MS progression, but it can significantly improve quality of life and symptom management.
Remember, small changes add up. You don’t need to overhaul your diet overnight. Focus on progress, not perfection, and prioritize nutrient-dense, minimally processed foods. With the right support and mindset, you can harness the power of nutrition to take meaningful control of your MS journey.
For lasting results, work with a qualified healthcare professional to develop a personalized strategy that aligns with your medical needs, lifestyle, and goals. Your plate is more than just food — it’s a tool for healing, resilience, and empowerment.
What foods should be avoided to reduce inflammation in multiple sclerosis?
Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are often advised to avoid foods that promote inflammation, as chronic inflammation can exacerbate symptoms and potentially accelerate disease progression. Foods high in saturated fats, such as red meat, full-fat dairy products, and processed meats like sausages and bacon, have been shown to increase inflammatory markers in the body. Trans fats found in many fried foods, margarine, and commercially baked goods like cookies and pastries are particularly harmful, as they not only fuel inflammation but also adversely affect cardiovascular health, which is important since people with MS may already face mobility challenges.
Additionally, excessive intake of refined sugars and high-glycemic-index foods such as white bread, sugary cereals, and sodas can lead to spikes in blood sugar and promote inflammatory processes. Diets abundant in these components may disrupt the gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in immune regulation—especially relevant in autoimmune conditions like MS. By minimizing these pro-inflammatory foods and focusing on whole, unprocessed alternatives, individuals may help create a more favorable internal environment that supports neurological health and overall well-being.
Why should processed foods be limited in an MS-friendly diet?
Processed foods frequently contain high levels of sodium, unhealthy fats, and additives that can negatively impact individuals with multiple sclerosis. Excessive sodium intake, commonly found in canned soups, frozen meals, and snack foods, has been linked to increased immune system activation and may worsen MS symptoms. Moreover, the preservatives and artificial ingredients in many processed items can disrupt gut health and contribute to systemic inflammation, both of which are critical concerns for MS management.
Another concern is that processed foods often lack essential nutrients such as fiber, antioxidants, and healthy fats necessary for maintaining nerve function and immune balance. Relying heavily on these convenience items can lead to nutritional deficiencies and poor energy levels, which may exacerbate fatigue—a common and debilitating symptom of MS. Replacing processed foods with whole grains, fresh vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats supports better disease control and enhances the body’s resilience against neurological damage.
Are there specific dairy products that should be avoided in multiple sclerosis?
Some individuals with MS choose to limit or avoid certain dairy products, particularly those high in saturated fat, such as whole milk, butter, cream, and full-fat cheeses. These foods can contribute to inflammation and may affect blood vessel health, which is important for maintaining adequate circulation to the nervous system. Additionally, some research suggests a possible link between dairy consumption and autoimmune responses, although the evidence is not conclusive.
For those concerned about dairy, lactose-free options or plant-based alternatives like almond, oat, or soy milk—preferably fortified with calcium and vitamin D—can serve as nutritious substitutes. It is also worth noting that fermented dairy products like plain Greek yogurt may be better tolerated and offer probiotics that support gut health. However, individuals should monitor their symptoms and consult with a healthcare provider to determine whether a reduction in dairy intake is beneficial for their specific case.
How do sugary foods impact multiple sclerosis symptoms?
Consuming high amounts of sugary foods can lead to rapid fluctuations in blood glucose levels, which may worsen fatigue, brain fog, and mood instability—common complaints among people with MS. Constant spikes and crashes in energy can make it more difficult to manage daily activities and reduce overall quality of life. Furthermore, elevated blood sugar over time contributes to insulin resistance, a condition that has been associated with increased neuroinflammation.
Sugary foods also tend to displace more nutritious choices in the diet, reducing the intake of vital nutrients needed for nerve repair and immune regulation. Diets high in added sugars are linked to an imbalance in gut microbiota, which may influence autoimmune activity and potentially trigger relapses. By reducing added sugars and focusing on naturally sweet whole foods like fruits, individuals with MS can maintain stable energy levels and support long-term neurological health.
Is gluten something people with MS should avoid?
While gluten is not universally problematic for everyone with multiple sclerosis, some individuals may experience improved symptoms when eliminating gluten from their diet. This is particularly true for those who also have celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, conditions that can coexist with MS and contribute to inflammation and gastrointestinal distress. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, may trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals, potentially worsening neurological symptoms.
Research on gluten and MS remains limited, but anecdotal evidence and some clinical observations suggest that a gluten-free diet may help reduce fatigue, brain fog, and digestive issues in a subset of patients. If someone with MS suspects gluten is affecting their well-being, they may consider a supervised elimination diet followed by gradual reintroduction to assess tolerance. It’s important to ensure nutritional adequacy when avoiding gluten by choosing fortified gluten-free grains and a variety of vegetables, proteins, and healthy fats.
What role do alcohol and caffeine play in MS management?
Alcohol consumption can be particularly problematic for individuals with MS, as it may interfere with coordination, balance, and cognitive function—areas often already compromised by the disease. Heavy or even moderate drinking can worsen symptoms like dizziness, tremors, and bladder dysfunction, and may interact negatively with medications commonly used to treat MS, such as disease-modifying therapies or muscle relaxants. Additionally, alcohol can contribute to dehydration and poor sleep, both of which can exacerbate fatigue and cognitive difficulties.
Caffeine, on the other hand, can have mixed effects. While moderate caffeine intake from coffee or tea may improve alertness and combat fatigue, excessive consumption can lead to jitteriness, insomnia, and increased urinary urgency—issues that may already be troublesome for people with MS. It’s advisable to consume caffeine in moderation and monitor its effects on energy levels, mood, and bladder function. Staying well-hydrated with water and non-caffeinated beverages supports optimal neurological function and overall symptom management.
Should individuals with MS avoid fried foods?
Fried foods are generally discouraged in an MS-friendly diet due to their high content of unhealthy fats, particularly trans fats and oxidized oils, which are known to promote inflammation. These foods—such as french fries, fried chicken, and doughnuts—are often cooked at high temperatures using hydrogenated oils, which can produce harmful compounds that damage cells and contribute to oxidative stress. This type of stress is particularly detrimental in MS, as it may accelerate the degeneration of nerve cells and myelin sheaths.
Moreover, fried foods typically offer little nutritional value and are calorie-dense, which can contribute to weight gain and metabolic issues. Excess weight places additional strain on the body, potentially worsening mobility problems and fatigue. Replacing fried items with baked, grilled, or steamed alternatives supports better cardiovascular health, reduces systemic inflammation, and contributes to improved energy and physical function—key goals in managing multiple sclerosis effectively.