The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic extends far beyond respiratory illness. While fever, cough, and shortness of breath remain hallmark symptoms, millions of people have reported a lesser-known but equally disruptive effect: loss of appetite. Whether you’re in the acute phase of the virus or navigating the murky waters of long COVID, a diminished desire to eat can have lasting consequences on your health and recovery. In this comprehensive article, we’ll explore the science behind why COVID can put you off your food, the physiological and psychological factors at play, and most importantly, how to manage appetite loss safely and effectively.
Why Does COVID-19 Affect Your Appetite?
One of the first surprises for many people during a bout with COVID-19 is the sudden disappearance of hunger. You might find that your favorite meals seem unappealing or that even just smelling food triggers nausea. But what’s happening inside the body?
Impact on Sense of Smell and Taste
Perhaps the most commonly reported reason for poor appetite during a SARS-CoV-2 infection is the disruption of the senses of taste and smell. Anosmia (loss of smell) and ageusia (loss of taste) affect a significant number of individuals, with studies showing that up to 80% of people may experience temporary or prolonged disruptions.
When you can’t smell or taste your food, the brain doesn’t receive the usual signals that stimulate hunger. The pleasure of eating—once a daily joy—can quickly erode, making meals uninviting. Scent is a crucial cue for appetite; without it, even nutritious meals feel like chores.
Inflammation and the Immune Response
During a viral infection, the body launches an immune defense, releasing inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). While essential for fighting the virus, these chemicals can cross into the brain and affect regions that regulate appetite, including the hypothalamus.
This inflammatory signaling can lead to “sickness behavior”—a set of symptoms that includes fatigue, social withdrawal, and reduced food intake. It’s a survival mechanism: when sick, the body may prioritize energy for immune function over digestion.
Gastrointestinal Involvement
Contrary to the earlier misconception that SARS-CoV-2 only targets the lungs, research shows that the virus can infect cells in the gut via ACE2 receptors—proteins found abundantly in the intestinal lining. This gastrointestinal involvement can lead to:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea or constipation
- General discomfort after eating
All of these symptoms naturally discourage eating. In fact, one study published in Nature found viral RNA in the stool of patients weeks after respiratory symptoms resolved, suggesting ongoing gut inflammation may contribute to appetite loss.
Psychological and Emotional Factors
Beyond biology, mental health plays a major role. Anxiety, depression, and stress—common during the pandemic and in its aftermath—can suppress appetite. The fear of falling ill, isolation during illness, and even the overwhelming fatigue of long-haul symptoms can lead to emotional disengagement from eating.
For many, the emotional toll of a prolonged illness further decreases motivation to prepare or consume food. This vicious cycle can delay recovery and exacerbate nutritional deficiencies.
How Common Is Appetite Loss in COVID Patients?
Appetite changes are not rare anomalies during a COVID infection—they’re widespread. According to a large cohort study conducted by the University of Oxford and published in The Lancet, among hospitalized patients, over 70% reported reduced appetite during the acute phase. In community settings, especially with Omicron variants, the prevalence remains notable, though exact figures vary.
What’s more, appetite disturbances don’t necessarily disappear when other symptoms subside. Some individuals report lingering food aversions and eating challenges for weeks or even months after recovery.
Duration and Severity: How Long Does It Last?
In mild cases, appetite usually returns within 1–2 weeks as the body clears the virus and senses begin to normalize. However, in moderate to severe cases, especially with hospitalization or ICU admission, appetite may be suppressed for much longer.
In long-haul cases known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), appetite loss can persist beyond 4 weeks and compound other symptoms like weight loss, muscle fatigue, and malnutrition. The duration depends on:
- Initial disease severity
- Age and pre-existing health conditions
- Presence of chronic inflammation
- Speed of immune recovery
Who’s Most at Risk?
While anyone can experience appetite suppression during a COVID infection, certain groups are more vulnerable:
| Risk Group | Reason for Increased Risk |
|---|---|
| Older adults (65+) | Slower recovery, pre-existing appetite decline, higher inflammation levels |
| Individuals with chronic illness | Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or heart failure increase vulnerability to metabolic disruption |
| Patients with severe respiratory symptoms | Greater systemic inflammation and longer recovery times |
| Those with pre-existing eating disorders | Illness may trigger or exacerbate unhealthy eating patterns |
The Physical Consequences of Not Eating During or After COVID
Skipping meals when sick might seem harmless, but extended appetite loss can have serious health repercussions, especially during a time when the body needs nutrients most.
Muscle Wasting and Weakness
When you don’t consume enough calories or protein, the body starts breaking down muscle tissue for energy—a process known as catabolism. This muscle wasting (or sarcopenia) is especially concerning in older adults, where it can lead to frailty and increased risk of falls.
Recovery from illness often requires rebuilding strength, and without adequate protein intake, this becomes significantly harder.
Impaired Immune Function
Malnutrition, even short-term, weakens immune responses. Vitamins such as A, C, D, and zinc are essential for immune cell production and function. A diet lacking in these nutrients can prolong illness and increase susceptibility to secondary infections.
Iron deficiency can also develop, leading to anemia and worsening fatigue—another reason proper nutrition is vital post-COVID.
Delayed Healing and Recovery Time
The body needs energy to heal damaged tissues, mount an immune response, and restore balance. Inadequate caloric or macronutrient intake can stall recovery, particularly when healing lung tissue, repairing blood vessels, or managing inflammation.
Nutrition is not a luxury during recovery—it’s a necessity.
Practical Strategies to Regain Appetite After COVID
The good news is that appetite loss is often temporary, and several evidence-based strategies can help you regain your desire to eat and support recovery.
Reintroduce Smell and Taste with Flavor Techniques
Even before your senses fully return, you can stimulate taste and smell using strategic approaches:
- Try foods with strong, distinct flavors—such as citrus, garlic, or spices like ginger and turmeric.
- Use contrasting textures (e.g., crunchy veggies with creamy dips) to enhance sensory feedback.
- Engage in “scent training” by inhaling strong, familiar scents like rose, lemon, clove, and eucalyptus twice a day to promote olfactory recovery.
Some people report that cold foods (like yogurt or fruit smoothies) are more palatable because they reduce nasal congestion and provide a soothing mouthfeel.
Small, Frequent Meals Over Large Portions
Instead of forcing down three big meals, which may feel overwhelming, break your intake into 5–6 smaller meals throughout the day. This takes less effort and can prevent nausea or early satiety.
Ideas for nutrient-packed mini-meals include:
– A banana with peanut butter
– Greek yogurt with granola
– Scrambled eggs with cheese
– Hummus with whole-grain crackers
Focus on Nutrient Density, Not Just Calories
In the early recovery phase, it’s crucial to pack as many nutrients as possible into every bite. Prioritize foods rich in:
- Protein: eggs, chicken, lentils, fish, tofu
- Healthy fats: avocado, olive oil, nuts, seeds
- Vitamins and minerals: colorful vegetables, citrus fruits, leafy greens
Avoid empty calories like sugary snacks or processed foods—they won’t support healing.
Stay Hydrated—But Be Smart About It
Dehydration can further dull your appetite. However, drinking large amounts of liquid with meals might fill you up too quickly. Instead:
- Sip water throughout the day rather than consuming it all at once.
- Try broths, herbal teas, or electrolyte drinks to combine hydration with calories and nutrients.
- Limit caffeine and alcohol, which can dehydrate and suppress appetite even further.
Consider Oral Nutritional Supplements
If eating continues to be a challenge, medically formulated supplements like Ensure, Boost, or homemade smoothies with protein powder can help bridge nutritional gaps. These are especially useful if weight loss or muscle loss has already occurred.
Consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
Move Gently to Stimulate Hunger
While you may feel too weak at first, gentle physical activity—even just walking around the house—can stimulate appetite. Exercise increases blood flow, helps regulate hormones like ghrelin (the “hunger hormone”), and improves mood, all of which support better eating habits.
Progress slowly and listen to your body. Rest is still vital, but mild movement can act as a catalyst for renewed appetite.
When to Seek Medical Help
While appetite loss is common during and shortly after a COVID infection, certain warning signs demand medical attention. Don’t hesitate to consult a healthcare professional if you experience:
- Unintentional weight loss of more than 5% of your body weight in a month
- Persistent nausea or vomiting that prevents eating for days
- Signs of dehydration (dark urine, dizziness, fatigue)
- Inability to keep down fluids
- Severe weakness or difficulty performing daily tasks
These symptoms may indicate complications such as persistent inflammation, gastrointestinal damage, or secondary infections.
Could It Be Long COVID?
Loss of appetite may be a red flag for long-haul symptoms. Long COVID affects up to 10–30% of people post-infection and can manifest with ongoing fatigue, brain fog, and metabolic disturbances—all of which impact eating behaviors.
If your appetite doesn’t return within 4–6 weeks and you’re struggling to regain strength, consider discussing long COVID screening with your doctor. Treatments may include dietary counseling, hormone testing, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation.
The Role of Dietitians and Mental Health Support
A registered dietitian can help you create a personalized recovery nutrition plan. They can assess your nutritional status, recommend supplements if needed, and suggest food modifications to make eating easier.
Additionally, if anxiety, depression, or food-related trauma underlies your appetite loss, speaking with a mental health professional is crucial. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness techniques can help rebuild a healthier relationship with food.
Real-Life Stories: Voices from the Frontlines of Appetite Recovery
To understand the human impact, we spoke with individuals who lived through appetite loss due to COVID.
Maya, 42, teacher from North Carolina: “After my first week of fever and sore throat, I just couldn’t eat. Everything tasted like metal. I lost 10 pounds in two weeks. My doctor recommended protein shakes, and I started doing scent therapy with essential oils. Gradually, things came back—but it took two months before I truly enjoyed food again.”
David, 68, retiree from Ontario: “I was hospitalized for seven days. When I came home, I didn’t feel hungry at all. My daughter made vegetable soups and eggs every few hours. I had to force myself, but within a few weeks, my energy started returning.”
These stories echo a consistent theme: recovery is possible, but it requires patience, support, and targeted strategies.
Looking Ahead: Preventing Appetite Loss in Future Infections
While we can’t predict when or how severely someone might contract COVID, preparation helps. Consider the following preventive steps:
- Keep nutrient-rich, easy-to-eat foods on hand—such as canned soups, protein bars, frozen fruits, and nut butters.
- Stay informed about your vaccination status—vaccinated individuals often report milder symptoms, including less severe appetite disruption.
- Practice mindful eating habits even before illness strikes—this builds resilience.
- Monitor your health proactively, especially if you’re in a high-risk group.
Conclusion: Reclaiming the Joy of Eating After COVID
Yes, COVID can absolutely put you off your food—whether due to physical changes in taste and smell, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues, or emotional strain. But this disruption doesn’t have to be permanent. By understanding the causes, recognizing the risks, and applying practical recovery techniques, most people can regain their appetite and nourish their bodies back to health.
Recovery is rarely linear. Some days you may feel strong; others, even a sip of soup may feel like a victory. Every bite counts. Be gentle with yourself, lean on support systems, and don’t hesitate to seek professional help when needed.
Your relationship with food is part of your overall well-being. With care and attention, that relationship can be restored—proof that healing, in all its forms, is possible even in the wake of a global pandemic.
Why does COVID-19 cause loss of appetite?
COVID-19 can lead to a decreased desire to eat due to the body’s immune response to the virus. When the body fights an infection, it releases proteins called cytokines, which trigger inflammation and often suppress appetite. This is a natural mechanism, as the body may prioritize immune function over digestion during illness. Additionally, symptoms such as fever, fatigue, nausea, and gastrointestinal discomfort commonly associated with COVID-19 can make eating unpleasant or unappealing.
The virus can also interfere directly with sensory systems. Many patients experience loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), both of which play a crucial role in stimulating hunger and enjoying food. Without the ability to smell or taste properly, meals may seem unattractive, leading to reduced food intake. This sensory disruption, combined with the general malaise of illness, contributes significantly to appetite loss during active infection.
How common is appetite loss among people with COVID-19?
Loss of appetite is a relatively common symptom of COVID-19, affecting a significant portion of infected individuals. Studies have shown that up to 70% of patients report a decreased desire to eat during the acute phase of the illness. It often occurs alongside other symptoms like fever, cough, and fatigue, and tends to be more prevalent in moderate to severe cases, though even mild infections can lead to temporary appetite suppression.
Appetite loss appears across all age groups but may be more pronounced in older adults and those with preexisting health conditions. It is frequently underreported compared to respiratory symptoms but remains an important indicator of illness severity. Monitoring changes in eating habits can help assess recovery progress and highlight the need for nutritional support during convalescence.
Can appetite loss persist after recovering from the initial infection?
Yes, many individuals experience prolonged appetite loss even after the primary symptoms of COVID-19 have resolved. This can be part of what is known as long COVID, where various symptoms linger for weeks or months post-infection. Factors such as ongoing inflammation, lingering fatigue, and psychological impacts like anxiety and depression may continue to suppress hunger signals and make eating feel like a chore.
Additionally, persistent anosmia or parosmia—where smells are distorted—can extend long after the virus is gone, making food less appealing or even unpleasant. This sensory dysfunction further delays the return of normal eating patterns. Recovery timelines vary widely, but in most cases, appetite gradually improves over weeks to months with proper care and support.
What are the potential risks of not eating enough during or after COVID-19?
Inadequate food intake during or after a COVID-19 infection can lead to malnutrition, muscle wasting, and weakened immunity. The body needs sufficient calories, protein, and micronutrients to repair tissues, fight infection, and recover energy levels. Without proper nutrition, recovery may be prolonged, and complications such as respiratory weakness, poor wound healing, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections can arise.
In older adults or individuals with underlying health conditions, malnutrition from prolonged appetite loss can increase the risk of hospitalization or functional decline. It may also affect mental health, as nutrient deficiencies can impair cognitive function and mood. Addressing nutritional deficits early through dietary modifications or professional guidance is essential for a full and timely recovery.
How can I stimulate my appetite during or after having COVID-19?
To stimulate appetite, try eating smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day rather than three large ones. Choose nutrient-dense, easy-to-digest foods such as smoothies, soups, yogurt, and eggs, which are gentle on the stomach and can help maintain calorie intake. Incorporating favorite flavors and experimenting with textures and temperatures may also make meals more appealing, especially if taste and smell are altered.
Gentle physical activity, such as short walks, can also help boost hunger. Staying hydrated and managing symptoms like nausea with ginger or anti-nausea medications (if recommended by a doctor) may make eating easier. If smell is affected, focusing on food textures and temperatures—such as chilled smoothies or crunchy snacks—can provide sensory satisfaction. Consulting a dietitian can help tailor strategies to individual needs.
When should I seek medical help for persistent appetite loss after COVID?
Seek medical attention if appetite loss continues for more than a few weeks after recovery, especially if accompanied by unintended weight loss, persistent fatigue, or difficulty performing daily activities. Prolonged lack of eating can signal an underlying issue such as ongoing inflammation, hormonal imbalances, or mental health concerns like depression or anxiety, all of which may require targeted treatment.
A healthcare provider can evaluate nutritional status, run blood tests to check for deficiencies or inflammation markers, and refer to specialists such as gastroenterologists, dietitians, or mental health professionals. Early intervention can prevent complications and support better long-term recovery, particularly in vulnerable populations like older adults or those with chronic illnesses.
Can mental health affect appetite after a bout of COVID-19?
Yes, mental health plays a significant role in appetite regulation following COVID-19. The stress, anxiety, and depression associated with severe illness, hospitalization, or social isolation can disrupt normal hunger cues. The brain’s hypothalamus, which controls appetite, is sensitive to emotional states, and psychological distress can suppress the desire to eat even when the body needs nourishment.
Additionally, post-traumatic stress related to the illness experience or fear of reinfection may indirectly impact eating behaviors. Addressing mental well-being through counseling, support groups, or medication, if necessary, can improve both emotional health and appetite. Integrating mental health care into post-COVID recovery plans is crucial for holistic healing and nutritional rehabilitation.